Our main objective here is to show the methodological usefulness of philosophical ideas. Concretely, drawing on theoretical analyses related to the concept of social structuring processes (Elder-Vass) and becoming differently (Gilles Deleuze), we argue that the social struggles of Afro-Latin American women can be interrogated in their role of transforming normative identities and fostering innovative communitarian dynamics that enable adaptation and transformation. The central thesis is that embracing a social construction perspective characterised by fluidity, adaptability, and solidarity can offer an (...) alternative philosophically grounded methodological framework capable of addressing the complexities of race, gender, and social justice in Latin America. In the context of the recent necessity to rethink mobilisation and social movements, our findings highlight the significance of structuring processes over identity differentiation and the importance of networked activities in facing systemic challenges. Ultimately, this study contributes to the possibility of moving towards more complex accounts of the plurality communitarian arrangements becoming active in the middle of reality changes and mutual efforts to deal with them. (shrink)

We distinguish two pathways people may follow when they join violent groups: compliance and internalization. Compliance occurs when individuals are coerced to join by powerful influence agents. Internalization occurs when individuals join due to a perceived convergence between the self and the group. We searched for evidence of each of these pathways in field investigations of former members of two renowned terrorist organizations: the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and Islamist radical groups. Results indicated that ex-fighters joined LTTE for reasons (...) associated with both compliance and internalization but that ex-fighters joined Islamist radical groups primarily for reasons associated with internalization. When compliance occurred, it often took the form of coercion within LTTE but involved charismatic persuasion agents within Islamist groups. This evidence of systematic differences in the reasons why fighters enter violent groups suggests that strategies for preventing radicalization and fostering de-radicalization should be tailored to particular groups. (shrink)

Este artículo de revisión examina la importancia que tienen las comunidades microbianas que colonizan los ambien­tes y equipos de procesado de alimentos formando biopelículas o biofilms en la persistencia microbiana en la industria alimen­taria y consecuentemente, en la seguridad y la calidad de los alimentos. La atención se centra especialmente en biopelículas formadas por microorganismos no deseados, es decir, microor­ganismos alterantes y patógenos. Se presenta información so­bre la variabilidad intraespecífica en la formación, la ecología y la arquitectura de las biopelículas, (...) y los factores que influyen en su formación. Asimismo, se resume la información disponible sobre nuevos agentes o estrategias para el control de la forma­ción o eliminación de biopelículas. (shrink)

From the most prominent thinkers in Latin American philosophy, literature, politics, and social science comes a challenge to conventional theories of globalization. The contributors to this volume imagine a discourse in which revolution requires no temporalized march of progress or takeovers of state power but instead aims at local control and the material conditions for human dignity.

A recent flurry of philosophical research on microaggression suggests that there are various practical and moral reasons why microaggression may be objectionable, including that it can be offensive, cause epistemic harms, express demeaning messages about certain members of our society, and help to reproduce an oppressive social order. Yet little attention has been given to the question of whether microaggression is also epistemically objectionable. This paper aims to further our understanding of microaggression by appealing to recent work on moral encroachment—the (...) idea that knowledge is sensitive to the moral stakes of believing—to argue that microaggression can be irrational in a distinctively epistemic sense, as it can involve relying on an epistemically unwarranted belief. This view suggests that the notion of epistemic justification may come apart from the notion of epistemic blame. (shrink)

Si, pour Heidegger, Nietzsche représente le dernier penseur de la métaphysique, ce n’est pas seulement en raison de son appartenance à la conceptualité de l’onto-théologie ni des limites intrinsèques à sa tâche d’un renversement du platonisme. La lecture des traités et des cahiers posthumes concernant la pensée de l’ Ereignis précise la critique heideggérienne et la complète par l’opposition totale à la tentative d’un élevage ( Züchtung ) de l’être humain supérieur. En effet, Heidegger voit dans la notion d’élevage la (...) fixation voire la radicalisation, à l’époque de la fabrication ( Machenschaft ), de la définition métaphysique de l’être humain comme animal rationale. Contre la Züchtung nietzschéenne, il pense la possibilité d’une préparation ( Vorbereitung ) du Da-sein, comme la plus haute transformation de l’essence humaine. Ce sont les rapports de ces deux notions, l’élevage tel qu’il apparaît dans la critique heideggerienne de Nietzsche, et le concept qu’il lui oppose, la préparation, que nous analysons dans cet article, en exposant non seulement la manière dont l’un répond à l’autre, mais également les limites de ce couple de concepts. Par là, nous cherchons d’une part à mieux comprendre la place de Nietzsche dans le projet de l’histoire de l’Être, et, d’autre part, à déterminer la portée de son dépassement. (shrink)

We advance the thesis that the method of experimental economics can make significant contributions to normative, as opposed to descriptive, business ethics. We contend that there are two basic ways in which experimental economics may make this contribution, and we exemplify these ways by pointing to experimental support of social contract theory as rational foundation for business ethics. These two ways are: (1) adding psychological realism; and (2) testing some quasi-empirical assumptions present in normative theory. In order to make good (...) our methodological claim, we first describe the methodological rules of experimental economics, distinguishing this method from other behavioral business ethics approaches. We also contemplate the possible objection that empirical methods cannot bear on normative ethics because there is no way of bridging the gap between descriptive theory (how people behave) and normative theory (how people ought to behave). (shrink)

El artículo aborda el problema de la relación entre el ser humano y la técnica en el mundo actual desde una perspectiva filosófica. Volver a la concepción de la filosofía griega permite concebir hoy el quehacer filosófico como un ejercicio vital, sin fracturas entre el pensamiento y la acción. La patente plasticidad del ser humano evidencia la constitutiva apertura que determina su especificidad y, además, columbra la estrecha vinculación entre técnica, creación y cuidado a partir del acontecimiento del habitar. El (...) cuidado no puede tener lugar sin cierta promoción de un ethos cultural centrado en el miramiento, la asistencia y la preocupación por uno mismo y por el Otro. El olvido de la relación entre la creación y el cuidado conduce a un desequilibrio ethopoiético entre la condición ontológica del ser humano, como ser nacido, finito y vulnerable, y el desarrollo tecnológico, impulsado por la digitalización de la vida y el ascendente papel de las nuevas tecnologías en la sociedad. Advertir y remediar dicho desequilibrio supone repensar la originaria relación entre la creación técnica y el cuidado ético, así como la importancia de la ética para la persistencia de lo orgánico. (shrink)

The boundary problem is related to the binding problem, part of a family of puzzles and phenomenal experiences that theories of consciousness (ToC) must either explain or eliminate. By comparison with the phenomenal binding problem, the boundary problem has received very little scholarly attention since first framed in detail by Rosengard in 1998, despite discussion by Chalmers in his widely cited 2016 work on the combination problem. However, any ToC that addresses the binding problem must also address the boundary problem. (...) The binding problem asks how a unified first person perspective (1PP) can bind experiences across multiple physically distinct activities, whether billions of individual neurons firing or some other underlying phenomenon. To a first approximation, the boundary problem asks why we experience hard boundaries around those unified 1PPs and why the boundaries operate at their apparent spatiotemporal scale. We review recent discussion of the boundary problem, identifying several promising avenues but none that yet address all aspects of the problem. We set out five specific boundary problems to aid precision in future efforts. We also examine electromagnetic (EM) field theories in detail, given their previous success with the binding problem, and introduce a feature with the necessary characteristics to address the boundary problem at a conceptual level. Topological segmentation can, in principle, create exactly the hard boundaries desired, enclosing holistic, frame-invariant units capable of effecting downward causality. The conclusion outlines a programme for testing this concept, describing how it might also differentiate between competing EM ToCs. (shrink)

The long Japanese tradition of Korean ceramics appreciation, closely associated with the Zen tea ceremony _(chanoyu), _has played an important role in the development of Korean aesthetics in the twentieth century. The art critic and philosopher Yanagi Soetsu was instrumental in this process during the occupation period, since, continuing in this tradition, he particularly valued Joseon ceramics for their aesthetic qualities - such as naturalness, nonchalance, and simplicity - akin to praised values in Zen Buddhism. Yanagi’s pioneering writings might have (...) been influential in the prevalence of those traits when defining Korean art and aesthetics in general. After a brief presentation of key expressions defining Korean art and aesthetics, the paper focuses on Yanagi’s aesthetic assessment of Joseon ceramics and particularly on his proposal of its appreciation beyond the modern Western division between art and craft. (shrink)

Este artículo busca presentar el legado teórico-político de Rousseau a través de la interpretación de su _Discurso sobre los orígenes y fundamentos de la desigualdad entre los hombres y el Contrato social_, entendidos como una unidad argumentativa y metodológica en la obra del ginebrino. Para esto se expondrán en un primer momento las consideraciones normativas y antropológicas que marcan el problema político de Rousseau. A partir de allí se presentarán las ideas principales de su noción de democracia, para finalmente concluir (...) que el legado democrático de Rousseau resulta particularmente útil como elemento crítico en el contexto de la hegemonía de las democracias representativas liberales actuales. (shrink)

Resumen: Esta exposición intenta comprender las formas culturales de comunicación y fijación mnémica en una narración específica que Davi Kopenawa, chamán Yanomami, expone al antropólogo Bruce Albert, en virtud de los modos de existencia amazónicos, refiriéndose en particular a la intensidad de los espíritus selváticos y a la experiencia chamánica con los mundos espirituales. En el contexto de una extensión vegetal dispersa y sobresaliente, afirmamos una sociabilidad cotidiana en el marco de una “ética respetuosa o amorosa” entre todas las formas (...) de vida, expresada estéticamente en formas significantes y transportadoras de emociones desarrolladas por la cosmología amazónica. Para ello utilizamos las nociones que Aby Warburg emplea en su estudio de la cultura de las imágenes, en tanto curso por el que estas pueden entenderse como organismos vivientes susceptibles a transformación, preservando su propia biología en la trasmisión codificada de la memoria.: This exhibition tries to understand the cultural forms of communication and mnemic fixation in a specific narrative that Davi Kopenawa, Yanomami shaman, exposes to the anthropologist Bruce Albert, by virtue of Amazonian modes of existence, especially referring to the intensity of jungle spirits and experience Shamanic with spiritual worlds. In the context of a dispersed and outstanding plant extension, we affirm a daily sociability within the framework of a “respectful or loving ethic” among all life forms, aesthetically expressed in significant and transporting forms of emotions developed by Amazonian cosmology. For this we use the notions that Aby Warburg uses in his study of the culture of images, as a course by which they can be understood as living organisms susceptible to transformation, preserving their own biology in the coded transmission of memory. (shrink)

Intelligibility relates to a person’s agency in guiding their behavior to be logical and reasonable, and it makes sense during action. However, it does not always happen. Sometimes, intelligibility fails, and the subject’s actions become distanced from what had previously made sense to them or others. At that moment, what I have called misunderstandings within the agency appear. When the emotional process interferes with the action process, it is one of the causes of misunderstandings within the agency. Then, emotions interfere (...) with the action and produce a cognitive dissociation that makes it difficult for the agents to interpret what is happening in the scene. It breaks between intelligibility and meaning. This also creates problems of understanding and communication. This is why the analysis of the misunderstandings within the agency is of such great importance. (shrink)

The appearance of the following pages might suggest an "intellectual biography". My purpose is not, though, to offer such a simple thing . Indeed, I would like to follow the evolution of Gauthier's thought not only to show how a thinker evolved from a particular view about a particular problem toward a quite original and suggestive formulation, but also to deepen our comprehension of moral contractarianism and its implications, by means of its contextualization. For this reason, I will focus not (...) on Gauthier's philosophical production as a whole , but on the papers and works that mark the line toward moral contractarianism as it is found in Morals by Agreement . The trajectory we are about to go over is not, therefore, only a personal adventure , but the adventure of ideas. This will not be an easy journey. Our focus on the historical development of concepts will prevent us from giving a fully systematic account of every one of them. The unfamiliar reader may be disappointed as we use somewhat strange terms without completely explaining their meaning. We beg acquiescence with our method, hoping that, on the whole, the essential ideas will be understandable without a detailed discussion. (shrink)

Context: The emergency situation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected different facets of society. Although much of the attention is focused on the health sector, other sectors such as education have also experienced profound transformations and impacts. This sector is usually highly affected by psychosocial risks, and this could be aggravated during the current health emergency. Psychosocial risks may cause health problems, lack of motivation, and a decrease of effectiveness at work, which in turn affect the quality of (...) teaching. Despite their importance, there are hardly any studies that analyze psychosocial risks of non-university teachers during a health emergency such as that caused by COVID-19. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of COVID-19 and the psychosocial risks of non-university teachers comparing Spain and Mexico during the state of alarm caused by COVID-19. Methods Data were collected from 421 non-university teachers (80.2% women; 56.3% from Mexico, 43.7% from Spain) aged 24–60 ( M = 39.32, SD = 10.21) via a self-completed questionnaire during the pandemic from March to April 2020. Results Data analysis suggests that inequity is the most important risk, followed by work overload. Teachers appear to be moderately satisfied with the information on COVID-19 and the measures taken, while their satisfaction with the available resources is lower. When comparing the two countries, significant differences can be observed in every risk considered except for social support, with lower levels in Mexican teachers compared to Spanish ones. In the case of the perception of COVID-19 and its impact, the perception in general of levels of information, measures, and resources is better among Mexican teachers than among Spanish ones, who present higher scores of the impact of the health emergency. Conclusion The results underline the importance of the professional’s perception of resources during a health emergency, which could prevent to some extent burnout and possible alterations associated with it. The measures taken by the responsible entities and the provision of information do affect teachers not only directly but also indirectly by making them more vulnerable to psychosocial risks that could affect their health and professional performance, thus affecting students as well. (shrink)

This paper looks into two Scottish Philosophical Societies of the Eighteenth century: The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, and the Select Society of Edinburgh. I intend to show that they were planned, constructed, and carried out according to the experimental method of natural philosophy, and that it was this factor that enhanced the influence they had in the development of the country. An examination of the minute books, discourses, abstracts and question lists of these societies will provide enough evidence to support (...) the claim that experimental philosophy and its method were the decisive factors for the developing and huge success of these societies. (shrink)

In his “What Might Nonconceptual Content Be?”, Robert Stalnaker finds no good argument for the claim that certain intuitive differences between perception and belief must be explained by a distinction between the kinds of content of perception states (which would have nonconceptual content) and belief states (which would have conceptual content). I object to Stalnaker that he does not examine arguments for this claim actually produced by its defenders. But I reach a conclusion of the same kind as Stalnaker’s after (...) examining arguments for the claim found in the work of Tim Crane and Christopher Peacocke. (shrink)

_ This scholarly article investigates the intricate relationship between political corruption and economic development. By analyzing the multifaceted dimensions of corruption and its repercussions on various aspects of economic growth, the study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on this critical issue. Through empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks, the article seeks to offer insights into the mechanisms through which political corruption hinders or distorts economic development and explores potential strategies for mitigating its adverse effects._.

The Hegelian atheism is an atheism of the God’s death. If the hegelian God is the same thing that the lógos (that is to say, the rationality of the real) then the alienation (Entaüsserung) of the logical Idea in the Nature must be understood as the God’s death. That alienation is due to the dialectics of the Ground (grund) exposed in the logic of the essence: The essence is the abyssal Ground of the existence (Existenz). Said otherwise: the essence founds (...) the existence sinking, that is to say, disappearing as such essence. Similarly the God’s death is the Ground of the real. So God is not but the God’s death. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objectivo, em primeiro lugar, mostrar os diversos caminhos através dos quais a sociedade contemporânea tem progressivamente vindo a descobrir o problema ecológico. Num segundo passo, o artigo procede a uma análise das raízes histórico-culturais da redução da natureza a objecto de exploração por parte do ser humano, bem como dos diferentes modos mediante os quais este se relaciona com aquela, sublinhando de modo particular as consequências para o meio ambiente de um uso descontrolado da técnica (...) na transformação do mesmo. Finalmente, num terceiro momento, o autor analisa em que medida a filosofia, sob pressão da crise ecológica, está desenvolvendo um novo paradigma hermenêutico no qual não é apenas a concepção de filosofia que está submetida a uma profunda transformação, mas se verifica também uma incidência dessa transformação em algumas das disciplinas filosóficas básicas, tais como a metafísica, a ética, a antropologia e, evidentemente, a filosofia da natureza. /// The present article aims, first of all, to demonstrate the diverse paths by which contemporary society has progressively discovered the ecological problem. In a second moment, it will analyze the historical and cultural roots of the reduction of nature to an object to be exploited by humankind, along with the different ways by which the latter is related to the former. The consequences of the environment due to the uncontrolled use of technology in the transformation of nature will be underscored. Finally, the author considers how philosophy, pressed by the ecological crisis, is in the process of developing a new hermeneutical paradigm: not only is the conception of philosophy itself transformed but the transforming effect is spreading to other areas of philosophical investigation, e.g., metaphysics, ethics, anthropology, and- of course - the philosophy of nature. (shrink)

IN THE first chapter of the second book of the Analytica Posteriora Aristotle offers a fourfold classification of objects of inquiry He refers to each of them by means of a shorthand expression.

Los centros de educación superior son por definición espacios de generación de conocimiento, derivado de ello se vincula la aplicación de los valores primordiales que rigen el desarrollo académico y científico. Entre estos valores subyacen tales como honestidad, justicia, respeto, responsabilidad y confianza. Existen múltiples interpretaciones de integridad académica, este estudio se promueve el cual abarca todos los elementos mencionados como valores básicos del desarrollo social y universitario: honestidad, justicia, respeto, responsabilidad y confianza.Este estudio se orienta a conocer el grado (...) de transparencia, compromiso e integridad presente en las universidades en el desarrollo de su labor académica e investigadora. (shrink)

This paper examines a parallel between Aristotle’s account of phantasia and contemporary psychological models of working memory, a capacity that enables the temporary maintenance and manipulation of information used in many behaviors. These two capacities, though developed within two distinct scientific paradigms, share a common strategy of psychological explanation, Aristotelian Faculty Psychology. This strategy individuates psychological components by their target-domains and functional roles. Working memory and phantasia result from an attempt to individuate the psychological components responsible for flexible thought and (...) are thus implicated in most of our robust cognitive processes, from reading comprehension to problem solving. We then present two novel objections which suggest that these capacities cannot explain our ability to engage in flexible thought. To escape the resultant impasse, we survey alternatives and argue that most promising strategies depend on identifying the behaviors attributed to intelligent thought and action. (shrink)

Traditionally, intelligibility is associated with rationality. It is also associated with the meaning and understanding of the agent’s actions when interacting in a context. What is proposed in this work is an analysis – at the moment in which the agent is interacting – of what happens when intelligibility and meaning are decoupled. It causes a person’s actions to be misunderstood or misinterpreted by others. It is even possible that the same person will not understand, later, why she has acted (...) the way she has. The explanation proposed is that this link is broken when the action process, made up of the three stages of action, is not developed correctly. This results in misunderstandings that, because they are directly related to the action, I have called misunderstandings within agency. The analysis of this kind of misunderstanding could be essential to understanding the conflicts that arise in the communicative act and mutual understanding. (shrink)

Este texto analiza un modelo sociológico basado en el concepto de Urbe Global, de Artemio Baigorri. Se fija en la ciudad como artefacto principal de los procesos de civilización y urbanización que han sido fundamentales en la evolución humana. Su objetivo es señalar algunas críticas y proponer mejoras en atención a las conexiones e interacciones, en sus formas más sofisticadas, que realizan los individuos bajo el presente marco de globalización.This text there analyzes a sociological model based on the concept of (...) Global City, of Artemio Baigorri. It is fixed in the city as principal appliance of the processes of civilization and urbanization that have been fundamental in the human evolution. It aim is to indicate some critiques and to propose improvements in consideration of the connections and interactions, in it more sophisticated forms, which the individuals realize under the present frame of globalization. (shrink)

El artículo que a continuación se presenta, forma parte de la tesis doctoral1 donde se presenta una actual investigación sobre la llamada Competencia Reflexiva en el marco del desarrollo profesional de los docentes. Se profundiza en el concepto de competencia profesional y se realiza un exhaustivo estudio de las competencias de la profesión docente que han fijado diferentes países2 hasta llegar a la relevante aportación sobre la competencia reflexiva. Desde el análisis de la praxis docente la investigación consigue determinar el (...) concepto de competencia reflexiva de la que señala su estructura y revela su dinámica. Mediante la implementación y evaluación de un programa formativo basado en el desarrollo de la reflexividad, la investigación demuestra que en la formación docente el desarrollo de la competencia reflexiva emerge como la de mayor potenc ia l profesionalizador. Al mismo tiempo el estudio justifica que la competencia reflexiva presenta un carácter instrumental, funcional y transversal en el ejercicio de la profesión, la cual se activa en movilizar todas las competencias docentes. En la actualidad la discusión acerca del desarrollo profesional del docente constituye uno de los puntos neurálgicos en lo que se refiere al cambio educativo, en un contexto donde el proceso de descentralización de la gestión pedagógica y las transformaciones de la sociedad reclaman un replanteamiento de las funciones y roles del profesor para conseguir las finalidades de la educación en el siglo XXI. Es este escenario cambiante el que propicia y justifica un nuevo discurso que enfatiza la mejora de las competencias profesionales y docentes. Palabras clave : Competencia, competencia reflexiva, profesiona lizac ió n docente, desarrollo de la reflexividad. (shrink)